The Longman Concise Companion
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The Longman Concise Companion encourages you to consider how audiences, purposes, and writing conventions differ among academic, public, and workplace communities. You are then offered concrete strategies for adapting your writing to meet varying rhetorical situations. Rather than present grammar as a set of jargon-filled rules, The Longman Concise Companion helps you learn to call upon your own experience as a reader to help you understand how grammar can communicate meaning clearly or hinder understanding.
Part 1 Writing and Reading1 Communities of Writers and Readersa Academic, Public, and Work Communitiesb Electronic Communities2 Generating and Organizing Ideasa Generating Ideasb Organizing Ideas and Information3 Purpose, Thesis, and Audiencea Identifying Your Focus and Purposeb Creating a Thesisc Understanding Your Readers4 Draftinga Moving from Planning to Draftingb Drafting Collaboratively5 Revising, Editing, and Proofreadinga Making Major Revisionsb Making Minor Revisionsc Revising Collaborativelyd Writing Correctlye Editingf Proofreading6 Reading Criticallya Reading for Understandingb Reading Analytically and Criticallyc Using Journals to Turn Reading into Writing7 Paragraphsa Recognizing Unfocused Paragraphsb Revising for Paragraph Focusc Recognizing Incoherent Paragraphsd Revising for Paragraph Coherencee Recognizing Poorly Developed Paragraphsf Revising for Paragraph Developmentg Using Special-Purpose ParagraphsPart 2 Reasoning and Presenting8 Making Language Choicesa Choosing a Styleb Recognizing Home and Community Language Varietiesc Meeting Language Expectations9 Reasoning Criticallya Recognizing Critical Reasoningb Building a Chain of Reasoningc Representing Your Reasoning10 Writing in Online Communitiesa Online Expectationsb Email Conventionsc Online Communitiesd Writing for the World Wide Webe Avoiding Plagiarism and Behaving Ethically Online11 Designing Documentsa Goals of Document Designb Planning a Designc Laying Out Your Documentd Using Typee Using Visualsf Sample DocumentsPart 3 Writing for Specific Audiences12 Persuasive Argumentsa Recognizing Occasions for Argumentb Developing Your Stancec Developing Reasons and Evidenced Acknowledging Other Perspectivese Arguing Logicallyf Writing a Position Paper13 Academic Writing Across the Curriculuma Goals of academic writingb Analyzing academic audiencesc General academic writing tasksd Types of general academic writinge Short documented paperf Lab reportg Essay examh Annotated bibliographyi Literature reviewj Writing in the arts and humanitiesk Original or researched interpretationl Writing in the social and natural sciencesm Research report14 Reading and Writing About Literaturea Reading Literary Textsb Writing About Literary Textsc Sample Literary Analysis15 Public Writinga Goals of Public Writingb Analyzing Public Audiencesc Types of Public Writingd Public Flyere Letter to the Editorf Speaking in Public Settings16 Workplace Writinga Goals of Workplace Writingb Analyzing Workplace Audiencesc Understanding Workplace Writing Tasksd Types of Workplace Writinge Business Letterf Memog Résumé and Application Letterh Speaking in the WorkplacePart 4 Researching and Writing17 Getting Started: Researching and Writinga Beginning Your Researchb Types of Research Writingc Developing a Research Questiond Developing a Preliminary Thesise Creating a Research File and a Timelinef Reading and Note Takingg Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Synthesizing18 Library Resources and Research Databasesa Developing a Search Strategy and Working Bibliographyb Searching Library Resources and Databasesc General Resourcesd Books and Online Catalogse Periodicals, Print or Electronic Indexes, and Government Documentsf Online Databasesg Evaluating Library Sources19 Web and Internet Resourcesa Developing a Web and Internet Search Strategyb Search Enginesc Web Sites and Internet Resourcesd Evaluating Web and Internet Sources20 Fieldworka Interviewingb Surveying, Polling, or Using Questionnairesc Conducting an Ethnographic Studyd Obtaining Consent and Approval for Research on Human Subjects21 Avoiding Plagiarisma Recognizing Plagiarismb The Problem of Intentionc Recognizing When to Document Sourcesd Working with Common Knowledgee Citing Sources Responsiblyf Citing Sources in Context22 Integrating Sourcesa Choosing Purposes for Your Sourcesb Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Synthesizing23 Writing, Revising, and Presenting Your Researcha Reviewing Your Research Questionsb Reviewing Your Purposec Building from a Thesis to a Draftd Revising and Editinge Presenting Your ResearchPart 5 Documenting Sources24 Five Serious Documentation Problemsa Wrong Kind of Citation Entryb Missing Citation Informationc Wrong Citation Detailsd Misplaced In-text Citationse Incorrect In-text Citation Format25 MLA Documentation Stylea MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Citationsb MLA List of Works Citedc Sample MLA Paper26 APA Documentation Stylea APA In-text Citationsb APA Reference List27 CMS Documentation Stylea Using CMS Endnotes or Footnotesb Creating CMS Endnotes or Footnotesc Creating a CMS Bibliography28 CSE Documentation Stylea CSE In-text Citationsb CSE Reference ListPart 6 Editing Grammar29 Ten Serious Errorsa Fragmentb Fused Sentencec Unclear Pronoun Referenced Lack of Subject-Verb Agreemente Dangling Modifierf Shiftg Misused or Missing Apostropheh Unnecessary Commasi Missing or Misused Quotation Marksj Double Negative30 Words Working in Sentencesa Nouns and Articlesb Pronounsc Verbsd Adjectivese Adverbsf Prepositionsg Conjunctionsh Interjections31 Sentence Parts and Patternsa Subjects and Predicatesb Phrasesc Subordinate Clausesd Different Types of Sentences32 Using Verbsa Simple Present and Past Tense Verbsb Editing Present Tense Verbsc Editing Past Tense Verbsd Complex Tenses and Helping Verbse Editing Progressive and Perfect Tensesf Editing Troublesome Verbs (lie, lay, sit, set)g Clear Tense Sequenceh Subjunctive Moodi Active and Passive Voice33 Using Pronounsa Pronoun Formsb Editing Common Pronoun Forms34 Making Sentence Parts Agreea Agreementb Creating Simple Subject-Verb Agreementc Creating Complex Subject-Verb Agreementd Creating Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement35 Using Adjectives and Adverbsa What Adjectives and Adverbs Dob Editing Adjectives and AdverbsPart 7 Editing Sentence Problems36 Sentence Fragmentsa Sentence Fragmentsb Editing Sentence Fragmentsc Using Partial Sentences37 Comma Splices and Fused Sentencesa Comma Splicesb Fused Sentencesc Editing Comma Splices and Fused Sentences38 Creating Pronoun Referencea Unclear Pronoun Referenceb Editing for Clear Pronoun Reference39 Misplaced, Dangling, and Disruptive Modifiersa Misplaced, Dangling, and Disruptive Modifiersb Editing Misplaced, Dangling, and Disruptive Modifiers40 Making Shifts Consistenta Shifts in Person and Numberb Shifts in Tense and Moodc Shifts in Active or Passive Voiced Shifts Between Direct and Indirect Quotations41 Mixed and Incomplete Sentencesa Mixed Sentencesb Editing Mixed Sentencesc Incomplete Sentences42 Parallelisma Faulty Parallelismb Editing for Parallelism43 Coordination and Subordinationa Creating Coordinationb Creating Subordinationc Editing Coordination and Subordination44 Clear and Emphatic Sentencesa Unclear Sentencesb Editing for Clear SentencesPart 8 Editing Word Choice45 Being Concisea Common Types of Wordinessb Editing for Conciseness46 Choosing Appropriate Wordsa Recognizing the Demands of Context and Purposeb Editing for Precise Diction47 Using Respectful Languagea Editing Gender Stereotypesb Editing Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Stereotypes48 Building Your Language Resourcesa Recognizing Your Language Resources as a Writerb Turning to the Dictionary and the ThesaurusPart 9 Editing Punctuation49 Commasa Joining Sentencesb Setting Off Sentence Elementsc Setting Off Nonessential Modifiersd Separating Items in a Seriese Separating Adjectives in a Sequencef Dates, Numbers, Addresses, Place Names, People’s Titles, and Lettersg Commas with Quotationsh Commas to Make Your Meaning Cleari Eliminating Commas that Do Not Belong50 Semicolons and Colonsa Semicolonsb Colons51 Apostrophesa Apostrophes that Mark Possessionb Apostrophes that Mark Contractions and Omissions52 Marking Quotationsa Using Quotation Marksb Titles of Short Worksc Highlighting Words, Special Terms, and Tone of Voice53 Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Pointsa Periodsb Question Marksc Exclamation Points54 Other Punctuation Marksa Parenthesesb Bracketsc Dashesd Ellipsese Slashesf Symbols in Electronic Addressesg Combining Punctuation MarksPart 10 Proofreading for Mechanics and Spelling55 Capitalizinga Capitalizing to Begin Sentencesb Capitalizing Proper Names and Titles56 Italicizing (Underlining)a Italics (Underlining) in Titlesb Italics for Specific Termsc Underlining for Emphasis57 Hyphenatinga Hyphenating to Join Wordsb Hyphenating to Divide Words58 Using Numbersa Spelling Out Numbersb Using Numerals59 Abbreviatinga Familiar Abbreviationsb Proofreading for Appropriate Abbreviations60 Spellinga Starting with Your Spell Checkerb Watching for Common Patterns of Misspellingc Proofreading for Commonly Misspelled WordsGlossary of UsageAnswers to Selected ExercisesIndexCreditsGuide to ESL AdviceSymbols for Revising and Editing
