Romans: Believers Church Bible Commentary
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This commentary on Romans is a rich gift to the contemporary church, its lay leaders, pastors, and scholars. The eighteenth volume in the Believers Church Bible Commentary Series gives new eyes for readers to see what the central message of Romans really is. Growing out of years of scholarship on Romans, professor John E. Toews presents a provocative reinterpretation of Paul's letter.
Series Foreword15Author's Preface17Introduction to Romans19Why Romans20The Churches in Rome21The Pastoral Context in Rome27The Purpose of Romans28The Perspective of This Commentary29The Over-all Plan of Romans31The Larger Thought World of Romans32The Problem of Language35This Commentary36Introduction, 1:1-1537Prescript, 1:1-737Thanksgiving, 1:8-1243Disclosure Formula, 1:13-1544The Framing, 1:1-15, 15:14-3345Gospel48Gospel49The Obedience of Faith49The Thesis Statement, 1:16-1850The Thesis, 1:1651The Gospel Reveals the Righteousness of God, 1:1754The Gospel Reveals the Wrath of God, 1:1857Righteousness59God is Righteous61Jesus Defines God's Righteousness61Righteousness and Ethics are Linked61Righteousness Concerns Peoplehood62God's Righteousness Again63Socio-Political Implication63The Argument of the Letter65The Revelation of the Wrath of God, 1:18-3:2067The Impartial Judgment of God on all Peoples, 1:18-2:1168The Inexcusability of Humanity, 1:19-2169The Just Retribution of God, 1:22-2:370The Revelation of God's Righteous Judgment, 2:4-573The Judgment According to Works, 2:6-1073The Conclusion74The Impartiality of God75Becoming What We Worship76The Challenge of Homosexuality77The Impartiality of God79The Equality of Gentiles and Jews Before God's Judgment, 2:12-2979The General Principle--The Equality of Judgment in Relation to the Law, 2:12-1380The First Case of the Gentiles, 2:14-1681The First Case of the Jews, 2:17-2482The Second Case of the Jews, 2:2584The Second Case of the Gentiles, 2:26-2784The General Principle--The Relation of Circumcision and Obedience, 2:28-2985The Objection of the Jews, 3:1-2087The Diatribe, 3:1-988The Scriptural Warrant, 3:10-1892The Conclusion, 3:19-2092The Picture of God95The Family Debate96The Faithfulness of God97The Language of Criticism98The Revelation of the Righteousness of God, 3:21-2699The Revelation, 3:21-22a101The Means, 3:22b-25a102The Parenthesis 3:22b-24a103Back to the Main Argument104The Purpose, 3:25b-26105The "Faith of Jesus" in Paul108The "Faith of Jesus" in Romans111The Righteousness of God112Salvation Effects Change113One God Makes Righteous All People, 3:27-4:25114The Dialogue, 3:27-4:2116The Exposition of Scripture, 4:3-25119Abraham126Abraham Is Our Father129Abraham Faiths God to Do the Impossible129Summarizing the Argument, chs. 1-4130The Meaning of the Revelation of the Righteousness of God, 5:1-8:39132Peace with God, 5:1-11134The Basis, 5:1a135The Exhortations, 5:1b-8136The Basis, 5:9a139The Benefits, 5:9b-11140Boasting143Reconciliation144The Problem of Suffering145Reframing the Meaning of Christ's Death146Salvation from Guilt and Shame146The Politics of Peace149Victory of Christ Over Sin, 5:12-21150Perspectives for Interpreting This Unit152Adam in the First Century152Apocalyptic Theologies of Sin152The Beginning and the End, 5:12 and 21155The Relation of Sin and Law, 5:13-14157The Comparison of Adam and Christ, 5:15-21158Adam and Christ in 1 Corinthians163The Preoccupation with Sin165The Good News166The Death of the Old Humanity, 6:1-7:6168Sin that Grace May Abound, 6:1-11170Exhortations Based on the Thesis, 6:12-14177Practice Sin to Enjoy Grace, 6:15-23178To Those Under the Law, 7:1-6181Baptism186Dying and Rising with Christ187The Problem of Sin in the Church189The Challenge of Baptism190A Narrative Spirituality191Victory Over the Flesh/Sin Through Christ and the Spirit, 7:7-8:11191The Meaning of "Law"194The Meaning of the "I"194The Weakness of the Law due to the Flesh/Sin, 7:7-25197The Fulfillment of the Law Through Christ and the Spirit, 8:1-11205The Story of Galatians 3212The Glasses of the Past214A Different Reading215The Gift of the Law216The Gift of the Spirit216The Challenge of Worldviews217Children of God, 8:12-39218The Spirit and Family Relationships, 8:12-17219The Triumph of Glory Over Sufferings, 8:18-30222The Triumph of God in Christ, 8:31-39227Children of God and the Spirit in Galatians 4231The New Family of God233Living in the Spirit234The Church and Creation235The Mystery of Suffering235Summarizing the Argument, chs. 1-8236The Faithfulness of God to Jews and Gentiles, 9:1-11:36237The Lament of Paul for Israel, 9:1-5240The Oath, 9:1-2241The Wish, 9:3241The Privileges, 9:4-5242God's Word Has Not Failed, 9:6-29243God's Call, 9:6-13245God's Sovereignty, 9:14-21247God Elects a New People, 9:22-29250Election and Jewish Identity253Displacement Theology254Theology of Predestination255God's Election of Jewish and Gentile Peoples255Election Is About God's Love and Mercy256Christ Is the Fulfillment of the Word of God, 9:30-10:21257Israel Pursued the Law and Righteousness Incorrectly, 9:30-10:3259Christ Is the Goal for Jew and Gentile, 10:4-13262The Gospel Is for all Who Hear, 10:14-21267Leviticus 18269Deuteronomy 30270The Church's Historic Grid271Jesus Fulfills the Law and God's Promises272Preaching the Good News273Obedient Hearing273God Has Not Rejected Israel, 11:1-36273The Remnant and the Rest, 11:1-10275The Importance of Israel's Future Salvation, 11:11-24277The Divine Mystery of Salvation for Jews and Gentiles, 11:25-32281Doxology, 11:33-36285The Prophecies of Isaiah286Isaiah in Jewish Literature287Supersessionism288Two Covenant Theology288The Rejection of Anti-Judaism289The Jewish-Christian Schism and Contemporary Response290Summarizing the Argument, chs. 9-11291The Living Sacrifice of the Righteous Community, 12:1-15:13295The Living Sacrifice, 12:1-2297The Renewal of the Mind, 12:3-16302The Frame, 12:3 and 16302To Live as the Body of Christ, 12:4-8303To Love without Hypocrisy, 12:9-15304Importance of Renewed Mind306Common Mind308A Radical and Concrete Ethic308A New Value System309Repay Only the Good, 12:17-13:10310Do Not Repay Evil but Overcome Evil with Good, 12:17-21311Be Subject to the Governing Authorities, 13:1-7313Be Obligated to No One Except to Love, 13:8-10319Non-retaliation320Submission to the Authorities321Living Nonviolently324Church and State324Faithful to God and Subject to Government325The Renewal of the Mind, 13:11-14327The Reason: Knowing the Opportune Time, 13:11-12a327The Imperatives, 13:12b-14328Baptism as Enlistment331Call to Faithfulness331Welcome Differences, 14:1-15:13332Welcome the Weak One, 14:1-12334Do Not Judge One Another, 14:13-23336The Strong Bear the Weak, 15:1-6339Welcome One Another, 15:7-13340Clean or Unclean?345Food and Community346Boundary Maintenance347Rebuilding the Center347Criteria for Inclusion347The Politics of Paul348Conclusion, 15:14-16:27350Paul's Mission, 15:14-21351Paul's Plans, 15:22-29353Paul's Request for Prayer, 15:30-32355Letter Closing, 15:33-16:27356The Theology of Romans365Essays369Chiasmus369Identity of Chrestus370Death in Romans371Death/Baptism as Ritual Events373Diatribe374Faith in Romans375Flesh in Romans379Grace in Romans382Homosexuality383Honor-Shame385Inclusio386Into/With Christ386Law in Romans389Letter Form394Living in the Spirit395Natural Theology397Obedience398Original Sin398Righteousness400The Righteousness of God405Salvation-Judgment by Works408Sin in Romans409Universalism411Works of the Law413Wrath415Outline of Romans417Map of New Testament World421Bibliography423Index of Ancient Sources452The Author463
