ForewordPrefaceAcknowledgmentsList of FiguresList of Tables1The Search for Causes: An Overview12The Controlled Randomized Experiment53Inferring Causes from Observational Studies274Epidemiologic Studies455Summing Up: Replication and Triangulation696Coincidence and Significance797Sampling1018Content Analysis1219Surveys and Change of Venue13510Trademark Surveys: Genericness14711Trademark Surveys: Confusion15512The Jury: Composition and Selection17513DNA Profiling: Probabilities and Proof199Notes225Glossary321List of Cases347Index351