Prentice Hall Reference Guide
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Thirty years of experience at the Purdue University writing center told Muriel Harris that few students could effectively use their handbook. A truly useful textbook, she felt, would have ways to help students find the information they were seeking without having to know the terminology, would be clear and easy to understand for all students, and would be written in a student-friendly language and tone to avoid the intimidating formal instructional tone of some handbooks. These principles became the foundation of Harris’s Prentice Hall Reference Guide.Check us out on Facebook at www.facebook.com/HarrisPHReferenceGuide!
Table of ContentsPreface Tab 1: Compare and Correct, Question and CorrectCompare and Correct CC1Question and Correct QC1Tab 2: Writing Processes1 Thinking About Writinga The Rhetorical Triangleb Topicc Audienced Purposee Medium2 Writing Processes and Strategiesa Planningb Thesisc Draftingd Organizinge Collaboratingf Revisingg Editing and Proofreading 3 Paragraphsa Unityb Coherencec Developmentd Introductions and Conclusionse Patterns of Organization 4 Document Designa Principles of Document Designb Incorporating Visualsc Paper Preparationd Multimedia Presentationse Writing for the WebTab 3: Writing for College and Career5 Writing in the Disciplinesa Writing for the Sciencesb Writing for the Social Sciencesc Writing for the Humanitiesd Writing Essay Exams 6 Writing About Literaturea Ways to Write about Literatureb Writing the Assignmentc Conventions in Writing about Literatured Sample Literature Paper7 Critical Reading, Thinking, and Arguinga Reading Arguments Criticallyb Finding an Arguable Topicc Developing Argumentsd Recognizing and Avoiding Logical Fallaciese Organizing Your Argumentf Sample Argument Paper 8 Visual Argumenta Similarities and Differences Between Written and Visual Argumentsb Appeals in Visual Argumentc Logical Fallacies in Visual Argumentd Creating Visual Arguments9 Professional Writinga MemosSample Memob E-MailSample E-mailc Business LettersSample Letterd Cover LettersSample Cover Lettere RésumésSample Résumés10 Creating Print and Electronic Portfoliosa Developing Portfoliosb E-PortfoliosTab 4: Revising Sentences for Accuracy, Clarity, and Variety 11 Comma Splices and Fused Sentencesa Comma Splicesb Fused or Run-On Sentences 12 Subject-Verb Agreementa Singular and Plural Subjectsb Buried Subjectsc Compound Subjectsd Or and Either/Or in Subjectse Clauses and Phrases as Subjectsf Indefinites as Subjectsg Collective Nouns and Amounts as Subjectsh Plural Words as Subjectsi Titles, Company Names, Words, and Quotations as Subjectsj Linking Verbsk There (is/are), Here (is/are), and It l Who, Which, That, and One of as Subjects 13 Sentence Fragmentsa Unintentional Fragmentsb Intentional Fragments 14 Dangling and Misplaced Modifiersa Dangling Modifiersb Misplaced Modifiers 15 Parallel Constructionsa Parallel Structureb Faulty Parallelism 16 Consistency (Avoiding Shifts)a Shifts in Person or Numberb Shifts in Verb Tensec Shifts in Toned Shifts in Voice (Active/Passive)e Shifts in Discourse 17 Faulty Predication 18 Coordination and Subordination a Coordinationb Subordination 19 Sentence Claritya Moving from Known (Old) to Unknown (New) Informationb Using Positive Instead of Negative Statementsc Avoiding Double Negativesd Using Verbs Instead of Nounse Making the Intended Subject the Sentence Subjectf Using Active Instead of Passive Voice 20 Transitionsa Repetition of a Key Term or Phraseb Synonymsc Pronounsd Transitional Words and Phrasese Transitions In and Between Paragraphs 21 Sentence Varietya Combining Sentencesb Adding Wordsc Changing Words, Phrases, and ClausesTab 5: Parts of Sentences 22 Verbsa Verb Phrasesb Verb Formsc Verb Tensed Verb Voice (Active/Passive)e Verb Moodf Modal Verbs 23 Nouns and Pronounsa Nounsb Pronouns 24 Pronoun Case and Referencea Pronoun Caseb Pronoun Reference 25 Adjectives and Adverbsa Adjectives and Adverbsb A/An/Thec Comparisons 26 Prepositionsa Common Prepositionsb Idiomatic Expressionsc Other Prepositions 27 Subjects 28 Phrases29 Clausesa Independent Clausesb Dependent Clauses 30 Essential and Nonessential Clauses and Phrasesa Essential Clauses and Phrasesb Nonessential Clauses and Phrases 31 Sentencesa Sentence Purposesb Sentence StructuresTab 6: Style and Word Choice 32 Style Versus Grammar 33 General and Specific Languagea General Versus Specific Statementsb General Versus Specific Wordsc Concrete Versus Abstract Words 34 Glossary of Usage 35 Conciseness and Wordiness 36 Passive Versus Active Voice 37 Unnecessary and Inappropriate Languagea Clichésb Pretentious Languagec Offensive Language 38 Appropriate Languagea Standard Englishb Levels of Formalityc Emphasisd Denotation and Connotatione Colloquialisms, Slang Terms, and Regionalismsf Jargon and Technical Terms 39 Nonsexist Languagea Alternatives to Manb Alternative Job Titlesc Alternatives to the Male or Female PronounTab 7: Punctuation 40 Commasa Commas in Compound Sentencesb Commas After Introductory Words, Phrases, and Clausesc Commas with Essential and Nonessential Words, Phrases, and Clausesd Commas in Series and Listse Commas with Adjectivesf Commas with Dates, Addresses, Geographical Names, and Numbersg Other Uses for Commash Unnecessary Commas 41 Apostrophesa Apostrophes with Possessivesb Apostrophes with Contractionsc Apostrophes with Pluralsd Unnecessary Apostrophes 42 Semicolonsa Semicolons in Compound Sentencesb Semicolons in a Seriesc Semicolons with Quotation Marksd Unnecessary Semicolons 43 Colonsa Colons to Announce Elements at the End of a Sentenceb Colons to Separate Independent Clausesc Colons to Announce Quotationsd Colons in Salutations and Between Elementse Colons with Quotation Marksf Unnecessary Colons 44 Quotation Marksa Quotation Marks with Direct and Indirect Quotationsb Quotation Marks for Minor Titles and Parts of Wholesc Quotation Marks for Wordsd Use of Other Punctuation with Quotation Markse Unnecessary Quotation Marks 45 Hyphensa Hyphens to Divide Wordsb Hyphens to Form Compound Wordsc Hyphens to Join Word Unitsd Hyphens to Join Prefixes, Suffixes, and Letters to a Worde Hyphens to Avoid Ambiguity 46 End Punctuationa Periodsb Question Marksc Exclamation Points 47 Other Punctuationa Dashesb Slashesc Parenthesesd Bracketse Ellipses (Omitted Words)Tab 8: Mechanics and Spelling 48 Capitals 49 Abbreviationsa Abbreviating Numbersb Abbreviating Titlesc Abbreviating Place Namesd Abbreviating Measurementse Abbreviating Datesf Abbreviating Initials Used as Namesg Abbreviating Latin Expressionsh Abbreviating Documentation50 Numbers51 Italicsa Italics for Titlesb Italics for Other Uses52 Spellinga Proofreadingb Spell-Checkersc Some Spelling Guidelinesd Pluralse Sound-Alike Words (Homonyms)Tab 9: For Multilingual Writers 53 American Style in Writinga American Styleb English Grammar vs. Grammar of Other Languagesc American English and World Englishesd Web Sites for ESL Resources54 Verbsa Verbsb Helping Verbs with Main Verbsc Two-Word (Phrasal) Verbsd Verbs with –ing and to+ Verb Forms55 Omitted and Repeated Wordsa Omitted Subjectsb Repeated Subjects56 Pronouns and Adverbs57 Count and Noncount Nouns 58 Adjectives and Adverbsa Order of Adverbsb Order of Adjectivesc A/An/Thed Some/Any, Much/Many, Little/Few, Less/Fewer, Enough, No 59 Prepositions 60 IdiomsTab 10: Research61 Finding a Topica Deciding on a Purpose and Audienceb Deciding on a Topicc Narrowing the Topicd Formulating a Research Questione Formulating a Thesis62 Choosing Primary and Secondary Sourcesa Primary Sourcesb Secondary Sources63 Searching Libraries and Library Databases a Librariesb Library Databases and Subscription Services64 Using Web Resourcesa Internet Search Strategiesb Types of Internet Sources65 Conducting Firsthand Researcha Observationsb Interviewsc Surveys66 Evaluating Sourcesa Getting Startedb Evaluating Authors’ Credibilityc Evaluating Contentd Evaluating Internet Sources67 Collecting Informationa Keeping Notesb Printing and Annotating Photocopies and Printoutsc Writing an Annotated Bibliography68 Using Sources and Avoiding Plagiarisma Understanding Plagiarismb Documenting Sources Responsiblyc Summarizing without Plagiarismd Paraphrasing without Plagiarisme Using Quotation Marks to Avoid Plagiarismf Using Signal Words and Phrases to Integrate Sources69 Writing the Research Papera Getting Startedb Planning and Organizingc Writing a Draftd Reviewing the Drafte Revising, Editing, and Checking the FormatTab 11: MLA Documentation 70 Documenting in MLA Stylea In-Text Citationsb Notesc Works Cited Listd Sample MLA-Style Research PaperTab 12: APA, CM, and CSE Documentation 71 Documenting in APA Stylea In-Text Citationsb Footnotesc References Listd Sample APA-Style Research Paper72 Chicago Manual (CM)Style a Numbered Notesb Author-Date Citation Formatc Bibliography Entries73 Council of Science Editors (CSE) Stylea Name-Year Styleb Citation Sequence Stylec References List 74 Resources for Other StylesGlossary of Grammatical TermsIndex
