Odyssey: From Paragraph to Essay

Brief ContentsPreface About the Authors PART I Starting Out Chapter 1 Ensuring Success in Writing Chapter 2 Generating Ideas through Prewriting Chapter 3 Composing: Creating a Draft Chapter 4 Refining and Polishing Your Draft PART 2 Using the Patterns of Paragraph Development Chapter 5 Narration Chapter 6 Description Chapter 7 Example Chapter 8 Process Chapter 9 Definition Chapter 10 Comparison and Contrast Chapter 11 Cause and Effect Chapter 12 Division and Classification Chapter 13 Argument PART 3 Moving On to the Essay Chapter 14 Developing an Essay Chapter 15 Examining Types of Essays Chapter 16 Adjusting Your Process: Timed Writing and Summaries PART 4 Developing Sentence Sense Chapter 17 The Sentence Chapter 18 Fragments Chapter 19 Subordination and Coordination Chapter 20 Comma Splices and Run-on Sentences PART 5 Understanding Subjects and Verbs Chapter 21 Subject—Verb Agreement Chapter 22 Basic Tenses for Regular Verbs Chapter 23 Irregular Verbs and Frequently Confused Verbs Chapter 24 Passive Voice, Additional Tenses, and Maintaining Consistency in Tense PART 6 Keeping Your Writing Correct Chapter 25 Nouns: Working Effectively with Words That Name Chapter 26 Pronouns: Understanding Case, Clear Pronoun—Antecedent Agreement, and Nonsexist Pronoun Usage Chapter 27 Adjectives, Adverbs, and Other Modifiers: Using Describing and Modifying Words Effectively Chapter 28 Parallelism: Presenting Related Items in a Similar Form Chapter 29 Spelling: Focusing on Correctness Chapter 30 CommasChapter 31 Other Punctuation and Capitalization PART 7 Connecting: Responding to Reading Appendix Tips for ESL Writers Rhetorical Index Credits Index Detailed ContentsPreface About the Authors PART I Starting Out Chapter 1 Ensuring Success in Writing Overview: Understanding the Importance of Good Writing SkillsRecognizing the Stages of the Writing ProcessUnderstanding the Dynamics of WritingFocusing on the ReaderExamining the Purpose behind Your WritingUnderstanding the Important Relationship between Writing and ReadingRecap Ensuring Success in WritingChapter 2 Generating Ideas through Prewriting Overview: Seeing Prewriting as a Way to Explore IdeasUnderstanding PrewritingFreewritingBrainstormingClusteringBranchingIdea MappingMaintaining a JournalRecap Generating Ideas through PrewritingChapter 3 Composing: Creating a Draft Overview: Understanding ComposingRecognizing the Structure of a ParagraphIdentifying an Effective TopicWriting a Clear, Specific Topic SentenceProviding the Best Support for the Topic SentenceDeciding on the Most Effective ArrangementMaking Your Material Reader CenteredUsing a Reader Evaluation ChecklistDeveloping a Complete DraftRecap Composing: Creating a DraftChapter 4 Refining and Polishing Your Draft Overview: Understanding the Revising StageReassessing: Re-seeing Your WorkMaintaining UnityProviding CoherenceTransitionOrganizing Sentences EffectivelyChoosing Effective LanguageKeeping Your Writing SpecificKeeping Your Writing ConciseGetting Feedback from an Objective ReaderRedraftingAcknowledging Your SourcesMLA FormatAPA FormatEditingDeveloping a Personal Proofreading SystemUsing Computer Tools to Your AdvantageExamining a Revised DraftRecap Refining and Polishing Your DraftPortfolio 1 PART 2 Using the Patterns of Paragraph Development Chapter 5 Narration Overview: Understanding the Modes, Purposes, and Importance of Telling Your StoryWriting a Clear Topic Sentence That Establishes a ContextRelying on Chronological OrderChoosing the Most Effective Point of ViewProviding a Thorough PresentationProviding Transition for Narrative ParagraphsRecap NarrationChapter 6 Description Overview: Creating a Picture in WordsPreviewing the Focus of Description through the Topic SentenceUsing Sensory DetailsRelying on Objective and Subjective DescriptionUsing Spatial OrderProviding Transition for Description ParagraphsRecap DescriptionChapter 7 Example Overview: Illustrating Your PointProviding a Topic Sentence That States the Point You Will IllustrateProviding Specific ExamplesEnsuring That Your Examples Are RelevantProviding an Effective PresentationProviding Transition for Example ParagraphsRecap ExampleChapter 8 Process Overview: Explaining How It Happens or How to Do ItIncluding a Topic Sentence That Clearly States the ProcessUsing the Imperative Mood: YouDividing the Process into Simple, Logical StepsRelying on Linear OrderProviding Transition for Process ParagraphsRecap ProcessChapter 9 Definition Overview: Making Meaning Crystal ClearProviding a Topic Sentence That Highlights the Term to Be DefinedUnderstanding the Pattern of an Effective DefinitionRecognizing the Full Effect of the Term DefinedEnhancing Definition through Synonyms, Negation, and EtymologyProviding Transition for Definition ParagraphsRecap DefinitionChapter 10 Comparison and Contrast Overview: Expressing Similarities and DifferencesProviding a Topic Sentence That Specifies Both Subjects and Indicates the FocusEstablishing Your Basis for ComparisonProviding a Thorough and Specific PresentationArranging Your Ideas EffectivelyProviding Transition for Comparison and Contrast ParagraphsRecap Comparison and ContrastChapter 11 Cause and Effect Overview: Explaining Reasons and ConsequencesProviding a Topic Sentence That Focuses on Cause and EffectDistinguishing between Direct and Related Causes and EffectsAvoiding Oversimplification of Causes and EffectsProviding an Effective ArrangementProviding Transition for Cause and Effect ParagraphsRecap Cause and EffectChapter 12 Division and Classification Overview: Analyzing the Whole in Terms of the PartsSpecifying Scope and Emphasis through a Topic SentenceEstablishing a Logical Method of AnalysisMaintaining a Consistent PresentationUsing Distinct and Complete GroupingsProviding Transition for Division and Classification ParagraphsRecap Division and ClassificationChapter 13 Argument Overview: Understanding PersuasionProviding a Topic Sentence That Expresses a Clear Stance on the IssueDeveloping Sufficient Support through Sound ReasonsUsing a Reasonable, Convincing ToneUsing Sound LogicArranging Your Support in Emphatic OrderProviding Transition for Argument ParagraphsRecap ArgumentPortfolio 2 PART 3 Moving On to the Essay Chapter 14 Developing an Essay Overview: Understanding the EssayUnderstanding the Structure of an EssayThe IntroductionThe BodyThe ConclusionExamining an Effective EssayExamining the Process of Writing an EssayPrewriting: Generating Ideas and Identifying a Manageable FocusDeveloping an Effective ThesisComposingCreating an Effective Introduction and ConclusionIntroduction, Conclusion, Understanding the Relationship between Topic Sentences and the Thesis, Developing a Solid First DraftRevisingRe-assessing, Revising for Unity, Revising for Coherence, Revising for Effective Language, Seeking Help from an Objective Reader, Redrafting, Editing: Eliminating ErrorsLooking Again at the Final DraftRecap Developing an EssayChapter 15 Examining Types of Essays Overview: Understanding How to Use the Modes to Develop EssaysThe Relationship between Your Purpose and the ModesUsing Narration to Develop an EssayExamining a Narrative EssayUsing Description to Develop an EssayExamining a Descriptive EssayUsing Example to Develop an EssayExamining an Example EssayUsing Process to Develop an EssayExamining a Process EssayUsing Definition to Develop an EssayExamining a Definition EssayUsing Comparison and Contrast to Develop an EssayExamining a Comparison and Contrast EssayUsing Cause and Effect to Develop an EssayExamining a Cause and Effect EssayUsing Division and Classification to Develop an EssayExamining a Division and Classification EssayWriting an Argument EssayExamining an Argument EssayRecap Examining Types of EssaysChapter 16 Adjusting Your Process: Timed Writing and Summaries Overview: Understanding How to Deal with the Pressure of Timed WritingAnswering an Essay Question EffectivelyPreparationActive Reading • Effective Note-TakingAnticipationRehearsalDrawing Up a Practice Question • Developing a Sample Essay AnswerCompleting a Writing Assessment EffectivelyUnderstanding the Five-Paragraph EssayExamining a Sample Writing AssessmentWriting an Effective SummaryExamining the Summarizing Process of Preparing a SummaryQuick Study: Student ExampleRecap Adjusting Your Process: Timed Writing and SummariesPortfolio 3 PART 4 Developing Sentence Sense Chapter 17 The Sentence Overview: Understanding Sentence BasicsUnderstanding VerbsRecognizing SubjectsQuick Study: Student ExampleChapter Quick Check: Sentence BasicsSummary Exercise: Sentence BasicsRecap The SentenceChapter 18 Fragments Overview: Recognizing and Writing Complete SentencesCorrecting Fragments with Missing Subjects or VerbsCorrecting Phrase FragmentsCorrecting Subordinate Clause FragmentsCorrecting Appositive FragmentsQuick Study: Student ExampleChapter Quick Check: FragmentsSummary Exercise: FragmentsRecap FragmentsChapter 19 Subordination and Coordination Overview: Combining Clauses for Sentence DiversityUsing SubordinationUsing CoordinationAchieving Coordination by Using Coordinating ConjunctionsAchieving Coordination by Using SemicolonsQuick Study: Student ExampleChapter Quick Check: Subordination and CoordinationSummary Exercise: Subordination and CoordinationRecap Subordination and CoordinationChapter 20 Comma Splices and Run-on Sentences Overview: Understanding Comma Splices and Run-on SentencesIdentifying Comma Splices and Run-on SentencesCorrecting Comma Splices and Run-ons by Using Coordinating ConjunctionsCorrecting Comma Splices and Run-ons by Using Subordinating ConjunctionsCorrecting Comma Splices and Run-ons by Using SemicolonsCorrecting Comma Splices and Run-ons by Using PeriodsQuick Study: Student ExampleChapter Quick Check: Comma Splices and Run-on SentencesSummary Exercise: Comma Splices and Run-on SentencesRecap Comma Splices and Run-on SentencesPortfolio 4 PART 5 Understanding Subjects and Verbs Chapter 21 Subject—Verb Agreement Overview: Understanding Subject—Verb AgreementAvoiding Agreement Errors When the Subject Follows the VerbAvoiding Agreement Errors When Words Come between the Subject and VerbAvoiding Agreement Errors with Indefinite PronounsAvoiding Agreement Errors from Other CausesWhen the Subject Is CompoundWhen the Subject Is a Collective Noun or Is Introduced by a Cue WordWhen The Subject Is a Singular Word Ending in -s, a Word Referring to an Amount, or a Word That Has the Same Singular and Plural FormQuick Study: Student ExampleChapter Quick Check: Mastering Subject—Verb AgreementSummary Exercise: Mastering Subject—Verb AgreementRecap Subject—Verb AgreementChapter 22 Basic Tenses for Regular Verbs Overview: Understanding TenseUsing the Simple Present, Simple Future, and Simple Past TensesUsing the Perfect TensesQuick Study: Student Example 353Chapter Quick Check: Working with Basic Verb TensesSummary Exercise: Working with Basic Verb TensesRecap Basic Tenses for Regular VerbsChapter 23 Irregular Verbs and Frequently Confused Verbs Overview: Understanding Irregular Verbs and Other Verb ProblemsIdentifying Irregular VerbsWorking with Forms of To BeChoosing between Can and Could and between Will and WouldQuick Study: Student ExampleChapter Quick Check: Eliminating Problems with Irregular Verbs and Can and Could and Will and WouldSummary Exercise: Eliminating Problems with Irregular Verbs and Can and Could and Will and WouldRecap Irregular Verbs and Frequently Confused VerbsChapter 24 Passive Voice, Additional Tenses, and Maintaining Consistency in Tense Overview: Understanding Additional Elements of Verb UseForming the Passive and Active VoiceUsing the Progressive and Perfect Progressive TensesThe Progressive TensesThe Perfect Progressive TensesMaintaining Consistency in TenseQuick Study: Student ExampleChapter Quick Check: Mastering Voice, Progressive and Perfect Progressive Tenses, and Consistency in Verb TenseSummary Exercise: Mastering Voice, Progressive and Perfect Progressive Tenses, and Consistency in Verb TenseRecap Passive Voice, Additional Tenses, and Maintaining Consistency in TensePortfolio 5 PART 6 Keeping Your Writing Correct Chapter 25 Nouns: Working Effectively with Words That Name Overview: Understanding NounsReviewing the Function and Form of NounsConsidering Singular Nouns Ending in -s, Collective Nouns, and Cue WordsChapter Quick Check: Working with NounsQuick Study: Student ExampleSummary Exercise: Working with NounsRecap Nouns: Working Effectively with Words That NameChapter 26 Pronouns: Understanding Case, Clear Pronoun—Antecedent Agreement, and Nonsexist Pronoun Usage Overview: Choosing the Correct PronounExamining Pronoun TypesUnderstanding and Applying Pronoun CaseMaintaining Agreement in NumberMaintaining Agreement with Indefinite PronounsMaintaining Agreement with Demonstrative and Reflexive or Intensive PronounsMaintaining Agreement with That, Who, and Which ClausesKeeping the Relationship between Pronoun and Antecedent ClearAvoiding Problems with Gender in Pronoun—Antecedent AgreementQuick Study: Student ExampleChapter Quick Check: Working with PronounsSummary Exercise: Working with PronounsRecap Pronouns: Understanding Case, Clear Pronoun—Antecedent Agreement, and Nonsexist Pronoun UsageChapter 27 Adjectives, Adverbs, and Other Modifiers: Using Describing and Modifying Words Effectively Overview: Understanding the Roles of Adjectives and AdverbsUnderstanding Adjectives and AdverbsCreating Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives and AdverbsWorking with Confusing Pairs of Adjectives and AdverbsAvoiding Dangling and Misplaced ModifiersAvoiding Double NegativesQuick Study: Student ExampleChapter Quick Check: Working with Adjectives and AdverbsSummary Exercise: Working with Adjectives and AdverbsRecap Adjectives, Adverbs, and Other Modifiers: Using Describing and Modifying Words EffectivelyChapter 28 Parallelism: Presenting Related Items in a Similar Form Overview: Balancing Ideas in Your WritingMaintaining Parallelism with Words in a SeriesMaintaining Parallelism with PhrasesMaintaining Parallelism When Using Correlative ConjunctionsQuick Study: Student ExampleChapter Quick Check: Maintaining ParallelismSummary Exercise: Maintaining ParallelismRecap Parallelism Presenting Related Items in a Similar FormChapter 29 Spelling: Focusing on Correctness Overview: Understanding the Importance of Correct SpellingBasic Rules for Forming PluralsBasic Rules for Prefixes and SuffixesThe Basic Rule for ie or eiBasic Rules for -sede, -ceed, and -cede, and Other Endings That Sound AlikeDealing with Commonly Confused WordsLearning the Most Commonly Misspelled WordsQuick Study: Student ExampleChapter Quick Check: Spelling SkillsSummary Exercise: Spelling SkillsRecap Spelling: Focusing on CorrectnessChapter 30 Commas Overview: Understanding Comma UseUsing a Comma between Clauses Connected by ConjunctionsUsing Commas to Separate Items in a SeriesUsing a Comma to Set Off Introductory MaterialUsing Commas to Set Off Elements That Interrupt Sentence FlowUsing Commas to Set Off Direct QuotationsRecognizing Other Situations in Which Commas Are NeededQuick Study: Student ExampleChapter Quick Check: Comma UseSummary Exercise: Comma UseRecap CommasChapter 31 Other Punctuation and Capitalization Overview: Maintaining Correctness and Clarity through Punctuation and CapitalizationUsing Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation PointsUsing Quotation MarksUsing ApostrophesUsing Other Marks of PunctuationColonsSemicolonsParentheses and DashesUnderstanding CapitalizationQuick Study: Student ExampleChapter Quick Check: Punctuation and CapitalizationSummary Exercise: Punctuation and CapitalizationRecap Other Punctuation and CapitalizationPortfolio 6 PART 7 Connecting: Responding to Reading Overview: Responding to ReadingTaking NotesActive Reading StrategiesActive Reading Illustrated5: a.m.: Writing as Ritual Judith Ortiz CoferFish Cheeks Amy TanDear Satu: Letters Tell the Story of Our Lives Rey de la CruzNightwatch Paul FletcherBack, but Not Home Maria MunizWords, Good or Bad, Can Echo through a Lifetime Bob GreeneDeceit Gary SotoLearning English as a Second Language Kimmom Pech (student)Pride Stephanie Jezak (student)Exposed Toes Diane Riva (student)Childhood–Then and Now Jane Patenaude (student)Fear Not Greg Andree (student)Nontraditional Jobs Jennifer Mcelroy (student)R-E-S-P-E-C-T Josh Trepanier (student)Home Schooling Lori Ann Moyer (student)Appendix Tips for ESL Writers Rhetorical Index Credits Index