Nursing Policy Research: Turning Evidence-Based Research into Health Policy
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"[O]ffers excellent examples of nurses in action - effectively marrying research evidence and theories of policy influence to achieve policy change. . . .Only when we get the right policy research messages to the right policy makers will there be a real research-policy connection. Hats off to Nursing Policy Research authors, contributors and publisher (Springer Publishing Company) for helping move us forward."--Judith A. OultonOulton, Oulton & AssociatesSpecialist in nursing and health policy and developmentNurse leaders, researchers, and evaluators face a vital problem in the profession: how to successfully translate evidence-based research into health policy. In this book, seasoned researchers share their knowledge, skills, and expertise on the most important aspects of the research enterprise and its connection to policy implementation. Readers will learn how to: Identify the relevant health care issues that policy makers are concerned with Collect and manage data that will influence policy discussionTranslate statistical significance into policy at the institutional, state, and federal levelsSecure appropriate funding for research on issues in nursing education, the workforce crisis, and moreDetermine how Congressional processes affect federal funding and budgetingDickson and Flynn provide the necessary tools to turn evidence-based research into health policy. With these tools, researchers will not only improve their capacity to influence policy decisions, but will take part in the advancement of the profession at large.
List of Figures xiiiList of Tables xvContributors xviiForeword Linda Aiken xixPreface Geri L. Dickson Linda Flynn xxiiiAcknowledgments xxviiDiscovering the Research to Policy Connection 1Back to the Future: From Evidence to Policy Geri L. Dickson 3Select Examples of Past Policy Changes 4Where Do We Go From Here? The Intersection of Politics and Policy 12Applying Kingdon and Gladwell's Theories to Policy Change by Nurses 16Nursing Outcomes Research: Connections to Workforce Issues and Policy Decisions Sean P. Clarke 19Health Services Research and Nursing Outcomes Research 20Challenges in Nursing Outcomes Research 22Nursing Outcomes Research at the University of Pennsylvania's Center for Health Outcomes and Policy Research 27The Future and the Role of Nursing Outcomes Research 29Lessons Learned Geri L. Dickson 33Toward Evidence-Based Policy: Collecting and Managing the Data 39Introduction Geri L. Dickson 39Addressing the Complexities of Survey Research Patricia Moulton Linda M. Lacey Linda Flynn Christine Tassone Kovner Carol S. Brewer 43It Is All About the Why: Determining Your Survey Research Topic 44Do You Know What You Are Asking? Common Problems With Survey Questions 50Mail Survey Method: Imperatives and Pitfalls 58Collecting Data by Survey-The Best-Laid Plans Can Go Awry 62Forecasting a State Supply and Demand of RNs Using the Revised 2005 HRSA Models Lynn Unruh Valerie Danesh 71The HRSA Nursing Demand and Supply Models 73Using the HRSA Models for Forecasting in Individual States: Three Approaches 81FCN Experiences in Using the HRSA Models for Forecasting in Florida 85Summary of FCN Experiences: Lessons Learned in Using the HRSA Models for Forecasting in Florida and Recommendations for Other States 98Missing Data Effects on Nurse Workforce Analysis and Projections Jennifer G. Nooney 103Sources and Causes of Missing Data 104Analyzing and Classifying Missingness: The Bias Analysis 107Traditional Methods for Dealing with Missing Data 111Recent Developments in Missing Data Techniques 115Lessons Learned Linda Flynn 121Research and Workplace Policy 125Introduction Geri L. Dickson 125Work Satisfaction Among Staff Nurses in Acute Care Hospitals Carol S. Brewer Christine Tassone Kovner 127Sample 128Methods 129Findings 130Discussion 136Policy Implications 138Workload, Quality of Care, and Job Satisfaction in Home Health Nurses Linda Flynn 143Background and Significance 144Method 146Findings 147Policy Implications 150The Emotional Demands of Nursing Rebecca J. Erickson 155A Crisis in Nurse Staffing 156Why Nurses Leave Direct Patient Care 157The Emotional Foundations of Burnout 158Methods 162Results 168What Influences Burnout Among Registered Nurses? 170Which Facets of the Emotional Context of Care Might Contribute to an Understanding of Burnout Over and Above the Effect of Individual and Occupational Characteristics? 172Lessons Learned Geri L. Dickson 179Research and Educational Policy 183Introduction Geri L. Dickson 183Nursing's Long-Term Pipeline: A Study of High School Students Using a Unique Data Collection Approach Rebecca Rudel Patricia Moulton 187North Dakota's Unique Nursing Education History 188Tomorrow's Nursing Pipeline: A Literature Review 191Nursing as a Specific Career Vision in High School 193The High School Student Survey 194Discussion 200The Looming Crisis of an Inadequate Pipeline for Nursing Faculty Brenda Cleary James W. Bevill Jr. Linda M. Lacey Jennifer G. Nooney 209Faculty Supply and Demand 210The Pipeline for Faculty Roles 212Discussion 214Clinical Simulation and the Need for Evidence-Based Policy Felissa R. Lashley Wendy Nehring 219Types of Simulation 221Standardized Patients 225Simulation and Policy 226Lessons Learned Geri L. Dickson 233Funding the Research to Policy Connection 237Introduction Linda Flynn 237Of Horses and Ponies: Taking Your Show to Washington Claudia L. McDonald 239Why Should I Learn to Dance? 239The Dance: One Step at a Time 242The Federal Budget Process 246AHRQ Funding Opportunities for Nurse Researchers Kathleen Kendrick Gail S. Makulowich Mary L. Grady 253AHRQ's Changing Mission 254AHRQ's Research Priorities 255Research Funding Opportunities 257Training and Career Development Programs 263Research Infrastructure Support Programs 265Getting an AHRQ Research Grant 266Overview of the Grant Application Submission, Review, and Award Process 267From Issues to Action: How the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Influences Health Policy Lori Melichar Susan B. Hassmiller 271Governmental Policy: RWJF's Role in Advancing the Nurse Practitioner Role 272Organizational Policy: Transforming Care at the Bedside 273The Process of Influencing Policy 275Identifying Promising Solutions to Improve Health and Health Care 278Creating the Evidence to Convince Policy Makers to Improve Health and Health Care Policy 279Restrictions on Lobbying: A Delicate Balance 285Building Capacity of Individuals and Institutions 288Conclusion: How RWJF Influences Policy 289A Metaphor for Addressing the Nurse Shortage in Oregon Judith L. Woodruff 293Northwest Health Foundation 294Farming and the Relationship to the Nursing Workforce Crisis 295Cultivating the Environment for Nursing 296Planning for Future Crops: Supporting a Nursing Policy Agenda 308Conclusion and Key Findings 310Lessons Learned Linda Flynn 313Making the Research to Policy Connection 317Introduction Geri L. Dickson 317Policy Development and Nursing Lucille A. Joel 319Citizenship in a Democracy 319Nurses as Participants in a Democratic Community 320The Power of Numbers 322Politics for Policy 323Beyond Baseline 327State Funding for Nurse Faculty Loan Repayment: The Vermont Experience Mary Val Palumbo 329Applying Kingdon's Framework 329The Political Stream 333The Policy Stream 333Using Research to Influence Federal Policy: The Nephrology Nurses' Experience Linda Flynn Charlotte Thomas-Hawkins Sandra M. Bodin 343The Research-Policy Connection 344The Revised Model in Action 344Lessons Learned Linda Flynn 349Epilogue 353From Research to Policy-The Ultimate Translation Linda Flynn Geri L. Dickson 355Index 359
