In Situ Testing in Geomechanics: The Main Tests
Demanding a thorough knowledge of material behaviour and numerical modelling, site characterisation and in situ test interpretation are no longer just basic empirical recommendations.\ Giving a critical appraisal of the understanding and assessment of the stress-strain-time and strength characteristics of geomaterials, this book explores new interpretation methods for measuring properties of a variety of soil formations.\ Emphasis is given to the five most commonly encountered in situ test...
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Standard Penetration TestsCone Penetration TestsVane TestPressuremeter TestsDilatometer TestsIf you use or need to know how to use any or all of these tests, then this is the book for you.Fernando Schnaid takes each test in turn, showing how and when to use them. The tests are illustrated with nearly 200 figures and photographs, as well as real examples from companies including A.P. van den Berg and Fugro Ltd.Ideal for practising engineers in the fields of Geomechanics and Environmental Engineering, this book solves numerous common problems in site characterization. Also a helpful guide for students coming to the end of their engineering courses and looking to work in this sector.
Foreword ixPreface xiAcknowledgements xiiiList of symbols xv1 Introduction 1General considerations 1Codes of practice 5Interpretation methods 12Class I 12Class II 13Class III 13Class IV 13Scope and purposes 162 Standard penetration test (SPT) 18General considerations 18Standards and procedures 19Wave propagation analysis 23The wave equation 24The mechanics of dynamic penetration tests 26Dynamic penetration force 30Measurements and corrections 34Overburden pressure 34Energy measurements 36Strain rate effect 37Characterization and classification 38Soil properties in granular materials 40Shear Strength 41Soil Stiffness 46Soil properties in cohesive materials 49Shear strength 49Soil stiffness 52Soil properties in bonded soils 55Soil properties in weak rock 57Direct design methods 59Shallow foundations 60Bearing capacity of piles 66Soil liquefaction 70Concluding remarks 73Notes 753 Piezocone penetration test (CPTU) 76Equipment and procedures 77New developments 79Seismic cone 81Cone pressuremeter 85Environmental cone 87Flow penetrometers 88Specifications and standards 88Test results 91Soil classification 91Interpretation methods 94Soil properties in cohesive materials 94Undrained shearing strength 97Stress history 103Stress state 106Stiffness 109Consolidation coefficients 114Granular soils 119Characterization of aging and cementation 120Shear strength 124State parameter 128Soil stiffness 132Properties in silty soils 134Properties in bonded geomaterials 137Soil stiffness 138Shear strength 139Pile bearingcapacity 140LCPC method 140Eurocode 7-3 method 141DIN 4014 method 143Liquefaction 144Notes 1504 Vane test 151General considerations 151Equipment and procedures 152Interpretation 157Shear strength 162Rate effects 164Partial consolidation 168Anisotropy 169Corrections 170Stress history 171Notes 1745 Pressuremeter tests 175General considerations 175Types of instruments 176Pre-bored pressuremeter (PBP) 177Self-boring pressuremeter (SBP) 177Push-in pressuremeter (PIP) 181Calibration procedures 182Experimental results 183Analysis of pressuremeter tests 185Elastic soil 188Undrained analysis in elastic-plastic materials 190Drained analysis in elastic-plastic materials 191Pressuremeter tests in clay 194Shear modulus 194In situ total horizontal stress 198Undrained shear strength 199Coefficient of horizontal consolidation 201Pressuremeter tests in sand 203Shear modulus 203In situ total horizontal stress 204Drained shear strength parameters 205State parameter 208Cone pressuremeter tests in clay and sand 209Tests in clay 211Tests in sand 212Pressuremeter tests in cohesive-frictional soils 217Pressuremeter tests in unsaturated soil conditions 222Design rules 227Bearing capacity of shallow foundations 228Settlement of a shallow foundation 231Bearing capacity of vertically loaded piles 233Settlement of single piles 238Horizontally loaded piles 238Notes 2416 Flat dilatometer test (DMT) 242General considerations 242Equipment and procedures 243Intermediate DMT parameters 249Material index ID 249Horizontal stress index KD 249Dilatometer modulus ED 249Interpretation of test results 250Soil characterization 250Geotechnical parameters in clay 252Overconsolidation ratio (OCR) 252Coefficient of earth pressure at rest 255Undrained shear strength 256Soil stiffness 256Coefficient of consolidation 259Geotechnical parameters in sand 260Friction angle 260State parameter 261Soil stiffness 262Direct applications 264Laterally loaded piles 264Settlement of shallow foundations 267Soil liquefaction 269Note 2727 Design parameters: guidelines 273Clay 274Sand 282Residual soils 286Stiffness 287References and further reading 290Index 328
