Analyzing English Grammar
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This advanced grammar text encourage readers to think critically about grammar and exposes them to a variety of linguistic theories. Booknews A textbook for an upper-division undergraduate course on the structures of modern English or modern English grammar, focusing on pedagogical grammar rather than on linguistic theory. Assumes no previous study of grammar or linguistics. The eclectic approach encompasses traditional, structural, and transformational grammatical theory and emphasizes the importance of critical thought over identifying and memorizing categories. The 1997 edition (first in 1990) is here revised to highlight the concepts of form and function, making them a unifying theme of the whole book; to expand the discussion of language acquisition; and to include additional examples. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
PrefaceChapter 1Introduction1What Is Grammar?2Grammar Versus Usage6Descriptive Grammars8Grammatical Prototypes10Learning About Grammar13Aids to Learning About Language15Diagramming15IC Analysis16Phrase Structure Trees17Suggestions for Reading This Book17Key Terms18Endnotes18Chapter 2Varieties of English19Regional Dialects21Social Dialects23Standard American English25Styles28Second Language Acquisition30English in an International Context32Summary35Key Terms36Endnotes36Chapter 3The Morphology of English37Morphemes38Allomorphs43Inflectional Morphemes43Noun Inflections45Verb Inflections47Adjective and Adverb Inflections50Functional Shift50Derivational Morphemes52Form Classes and Structure Classes56A Word About Words57Summary59Review Exercises59Key Terms62Chapter 4Form-Class Words63Form and Function64Forms with Overlapping Functions65Nouns66Prototypes and Peripheral Cases69Subclasses and Features70Noun Subclasses71Verbs73Verb Subclasses76Adjectives76Adjective Subclasses79Adverbs81Adverb Subclasses84Analyzing Form and Function85Comments and Suggestions88Summary91Review Exercises91Key Terms93Endnote93Chapter 5Structure-Class Words95Structure-Class Versus Form-Class Words95Determiners99Diagrams and Trees104Auxiliaries106Modal Auxiliaries106Have107Be108Do109Diagrams and Trees110Qualifiers111Diagrams and Trees113Prepositions117Diagrams and Trees118Differences Between Prepositions and Adverbs120Differences Between Prepositions and Verb Particles121Differences Between Verb Particles and Adverbs122Pronouns123Pronouns as Noun-Phrase Substitutes123Personal Pronouns124Reflexive Pronouns128Reciprocal Pronouns129Indefinite Pronouns130Conjunctions133Coordinating Conjunctions133Conjunctive Adverbs136Subordinating Conjunctions137Relatives144Interrogatives147Summary148Review Exercises149Key Terms151Endnote151Chapter 6Phrases153Subjects and Predicates153Form and Function159Recognizing Phrase Types160The Main Verb Phrase166Creating Verb Phrases171Time, Tense, and Aspect179Simple Tenses179Modals180Finite and Nonfinite Verb Forms180Compound Verb Forms-Perfect and Progressive182The Meaning of Modals188Other Auxiliaries188Have and Be as Main Verbs190Summary192Review Exercises194Key Terms196Endnotes196Chapter 7Five Basic Sentence Types197Binary Structure198Type IThe Intransitive Type200Types II, III, and IVLinking (Copular) Verbs207Type IIThe Verb Be Requiring Adverbs of Time or Place207Type IIIThe Linking Verb Type with Adjectival Subject Complement212Type IVThe Linking Verb Type with Nominal Subject Complement217Type VThe Transitive Type221Transitive Verbs with Reflexive and Reciprocal Direct Objects225Transitive Verbs with Object Complements226Distinguishing Between Transitive and Linking Verb Sentence Types228Verbs That Function in More Than One Sentence Type230Summary233Review Exercises236Key Terms237Chapter 8Basic Sentence Transformations239The Indirect Object Transformation240Indirect Objects and Object Complements243The Passive Transformation246Direct and Indirect Objects250Other Transformations257Negative Sentences258Negative Sentences with Auxiliary Verbs259Negative Sentences with Be260Negative Sentences Without Auxiliary Verbs or Be260Interrogative Sentences266Yes/No Questions266Wh-Questions270Imperative Sentences279Verbs in Imperative Sentences280Summary282Review Exercises282Key Terms284Chapter 9Finite Verb Clauses, Part I: Adverbial and Adjectival Clauses285Sentence Varieties287Subordinate Clauses291Diagramming Subordinate Clauses295Subordinate Clauses That Can Function Adverbially or Adjectivally298Relative Clauses299Relative Clauses Within Prepositional Phrases302Diagramming Relative Clauses303The Omission of Relative Pronouns308Relative Adverbs310Relative Clauses Contrasted with Adverbial Subordinate Clauses312Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses315Summary319Review Exercises320Key Terms322Endnote322Chapter 10Finite Verb Clauses, Part II: Nominal Clauses323That-Clauses323Differences Between Relative Clauses and Nominal That-Clauses326Appositive That-Clauses328Relative Clauses and Deletion Transformations: Appositives329Functions of Nominal That-Clauses333Diagramming Nominal That-Clauses334Interrogative Clauses337Diagramming Interrogative Clauses341Rhetorical Problems in Using Dependent Clauses343Elliptical Dependent Clauses346Nominal Clauses-The Omission of That347Summary349Review Exercises349Key Terms351Chapter 11Nonfinite Verb Phrases, Part I: Infinitive Phrases353Infinitive Phrases355Diagramming Infinitive Phrases358Clauses Embedded Within Infinitive Phrases362Passive Infinitives363Infinitives Without To365Functions of Infinitive Phrases367Adverbial Infinitives367Adjectival Infinitives368Nominal Infinitives369Differences Between Infinitives and Prepositional Phrases371Peripheral Case-Ought To372Summary373Review Exercises373Key Terms376Endnote376Chapter 12Nonfinite Verb Phrases, Part II: Participle and Gerund Phrases377Present Participle Phrases377Functions of Present Participle Phrases380Diagramming Present Participle Phrases381Differences Between Present Participles and Adjectives386Gerunds388Functions of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases389Differences Between Gerunds and Present Participles392Differences Between Gerunds and Nouns393Differences Between Gerunds and Participles394Past Participle Phrases396Functions of Past Participle Phrases398Differences Between Adjectival and Adverbial Past Participles398Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Participle Phrases399Differences Between Past Participles and Adjectives402Nominative Absolutes408Summary410Review Exercises411Key Terms414AppendixThe Sounds of American English415Consonants of English416Allophones420Vowels of English422American Pronunciation428Pronunciation and Spelling429Phonics and Phonemic Awareness431Summary432Review Exercises432Key Terms433Glossary434Index443
